How to Write a Scoping Review
A scoping review is a type of research synthesis that systematically maps the breadth of existing evidence on a specific topic. Unlike a systematic review, which seeks to answer a focused question regarding the effectiveness of an intervention, a scoping review takes a broader perspective. It helps researchers identify knowledge gaps, clarify definitions, and determine whether a more targeted review (e.g., a systematic review) is warranted in the future. Below are the key steps to planning and executing a successful scoping review.
1. Define Your Research Objective and Question
Begin by clearly defining the purpose of your scoping review. Are you looking to map out the types of studies on a particular intervention, explore how key concepts are defined in current literature, or identify research gaps? Frame your question using a recognized model such as PCC (Population, Concept, Context). This ensures your scope is broad enough to encompass the main ideas but focused enough to avoid an unmanageable search.
2. Develop a Protocol
A protocol is essential to maintain transparency and consistency. It outlines your objectives, inclusion and exclusion criteria, planned search strategy, and methods for screening and data extraction. Though registering your protocol for a scoping review is not always mandatory, platforms like the Open Science Framework (OSF) make it easier to share and refine your plan.
3. Establish Eligibility Criteria
Next, align your inclusion and exclusion criteria with your research objectives. Consider characteristics like study design, publication year, language, and participant demographics. Scoping reviews typically include a variety of sources, from peer-reviewed articles to grey literature (such as conference proceedings or policy documents). Be explicit about your rationale for each inclusion or exclusion parameter.
4. Conduct a Comprehensive Search
An exhaustive search is at the heart of any scoping review. Collaborate with a research librarian or information specialist to develop keyword strings and Boolean operators for relevant databases (e.g., MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL). Document your strategies and keep track of any adaptations along the way. In addition to searching databases, perform citation chasing by reviewing reference lists of key articles and contacting experts for leads on unpublished material.
5. Screen and Select Studies
Two or more reviewers should independently screen titles and abstracts based on the agreed-upon criteria. Resolve any disagreements through discussion or by consulting a third reviewer. Retain studies that appear to meet the criteria for full-text review. Use a PRISMA-ScR flow diagram to document each stage, including reasons for exclusion.
6. Extract and Chart the Data
Create a standardized data extraction form to capture details such as author, year, population, methodology, and key findings. This process, sometimes referred to as "charting," should be piloted by multiple reviewers to ensure consistency. Keep the extraction broad to capture all relevant themes and topics since the goal is to map the landscape rather than deeply analyze study outcomes.
7. Synthesize and Report Findings
Unlike systematic reviews, scoping reviews usually provide a descriptive overview of the literature rather than a critical appraisal. Organize your data thematically, noting recurring concepts, gaps, and emerging ideas. Present your findings via tables, charts, or narrative summaries, ensuring your readers can see the breadth of evidence on the topic. A well-structured discussion highlights areas that need further research and mentions limitations—such as language restrictions or the absence of full-text articles.
8. Draw Conclusions and Identify Gaps
Finally, interpret your results in light of the objectives. Has the review highlighted inconsistencies in definitions, or have you found enough literature to justify a future systematic review? Summarize the potential research opportunities and offer suggestions to guide future investigations or more focused reviews.
By following these steps, you can produce a structured and transparent scoping review that maps the existing evidence effectively. If you need personalized assistance in conducting your review—from protocol design to final write-up—our academic ghostwriting team at WritGuru is here to help. Visit our Blog page for more expert insights on academic writing and research techniques.